Giáo án Tiếng Anh Lớp 2+4+5 - Tuần 2 - Năm học 2022-2023

Nội dung text: Giáo án Tiếng Anh Lớp 2+4+5 - Tuần 2 - Năm học 2022-2023

1. Planning date: 10/9/2022 GIÁO ÁN LỚP 2 Unit 1. In the school playground Lesson 1. Period: 3 I. OBJECTIVES By the end of the lesson, pupils will be able to: - use Hi, I’m + name to greet and introduce someone’s name and Bye, + name to say goodbye to someone. - sing a song about how to greet and introduce someone’s name. II. INPUT Language: - Hi, I’m + name. - Bye, Bill. - Hi, I’m + name and Hi, + name. I’m + name. Resources/Material: - Student’s book p. 8 - Sachmem.vn - Teacher’s guide pp. 12-15 - Computer, projector III. PROCEDURE Warm-up – Listen and repeat – Let’s talk – Let’s sing - Homelink Classroom Procedure Teaching and learning activities management Warm-up 5 minutes - Greet the class and introduce yourself, Whole class saying: Hi. I’m + name. - Option 1: Have a group of pupils to sing the chant on page 7 in front of the class. The class claps hands. - Option 2: Ask two pupils to point to the pictures in Listen and tick (p. 7) and say the phrases, e.g 1a: A ball, 1b: A bike, 2a: A ball, 2b: A book. - Option 3: Invite one or two pupils write the letter B/b on the board. - Get pupils to open their books and look at Lesson 3 p. 8 (saying Open the books and look at lesson 3, please!). 6. Listen and repeat 7 minutes Step 1: Have pupils look at the first picture (in Whole class Student’s book or on sachmem), saying Look 1
2. at the first picture, please! What is Bill doing? Yes, he’s greeting and introducing his name. He says “Hi, I’m Bill”. Play the recording for pupils to listen and repeat, saying Now listen and repeat, please! Step 2: Have pupils look at the sentence “Hi, I’m Bill.” Explain the meaning of the sentence and how it is used (as mentioned in Input). Check comprehension. Step 3: Play the recording several times for pupils to Individual work listen and repeat the sentence, saying Now listen and repeat, please! Give more support to those pupils who find it difficult to do the task. Invite a few pupils to listen and repeat the sentence “Hi, I’m Bill.” in front of the class. Correct pronunciation, if necessary or praise them if they pronounced the sentence correctly, saying Well done! Whole class Step 4: Have pupils look at the second picture, saying Look at the second picture, please! What is the boy doing? Yes, he’s saying goodbye to Bill. He says “Bye, Bill.” Play the recording for pupils to listen and repeat. Then explain the meaning of the sentence and how it is used. Check comprehension. Individual work Step 5: Have pupils look at the sentence “Bye, Bill.” Listen to the recording and repeat until they Whole class feel confident. Check comprehension. Step 6: Invite some pupils to listen and repeat the sentences in front of the class. Go around and praise them if they performed well, saying Well done! 7. Let’s talk 10 minutes Step 1: Have pupils look at the first picture (in Whole class Student’s book or sachmem). Say Look at Picture 1, please! Point to the boy on the left and ask them Who is this? Tell them that he is Bill, saying He is Bill. Then point to the boy on the right and ask them Who is this? Tell them that he is Ba, saying He is Ba. Step 2: Ask pupils to work in pairs or in groups to Pair or group practise greeting each other in the name of Bill work and Ba, saying Now help Bill and Ba greet each other. “Hi, I’m _____.”; “Hi, I’m _____.” Offer help, if necessary. Step 3: Have pupils look at the second picture. Say Whole class 2
3. Look at Picture 2, please! Point to the boy on the left of the picture and ask pupils to identify who he is, saying Who is this boy? Then tell them that he is Ba, saying He is Ba. Then point to the boy on the right and ask them And who is this? Tell them that he is Bill, saying He is Bill. Then select two pupils to act out in front Step 4: of the class. Pair or groups Ask pupils to work in pairs or in groups to work practise saying goodbye to each other in the name of Bill and Ba, saying Now practise Step 5: saying goodbye to each other, please! “Bye, Pair work _____.” Ask a few pairs of pupils to introduce themselves, saying Now introduce yourself to your friends. E.g. Hi, I’m _____ (Lan/Nam, ). Offer help, if necessary. Ask a few pairs of pupils to say goodbye to each other, saying Now the pairs practise Step 6: saying goodbye to each other. E.g. Bye, _____ Whole class (Lan/Nam, ). Offer help, if necessary. Encourage some pairs of pupils to practise introducing themselves and saying goodbye to Extension: each other in front of the class. Praise them, saying Excellent! if they performed well. With a better class, have pupils act out the exchange, using their own names. E.g. A: Hi. I’m Nam. B: Hi. I’m Mai. 8. Let’s sing 10 minutes Step 1: Have pupils read the lyrics (in their books or Whole class sachmem) to familiarize themselves with the first verse of the song. Say Now look at the first verse, please! Explain the meanings of the verse, if necessary (as mentioned in Input). Check comprehension. Step 2: Play the recording several times for pupils to Individual work repeat line after line to make sure that they can sing the verse correctly. Say Now listen and repeat, please! Individual work Step 3: Do the same with the second verse of the lyrics. Say Now look at the second verse, listen and repeat, please! Play the recording several times for pupils to repeat to make sure that Whole class they can sing the verse correctly. Check Step 4: comprehension. 3
4. Have pupils listen to the whole song, drawing their attention to the pronunciation, the stress and the melody of the song. Say Now listen to the whole song. Then let pupils practise singing the song. Help them sing the song Whole class sentence by sentence first. Then help them to Step 5: sing the whole song. Call one or two groups to sing the song in front of the class. Praise them when they perform Extension: well, saying Excellent! If time allows or with a better class, have pupils sing the song with their own names and perform in front of the class. E.g. Hi, I’m Mai. Hi, I’m Lan. Hi, Mai. I’m Lan. Hi, Lan. I’m Mai. Homelink 3 minutes Option 1: Pupils greet and introduce themselves, using Whole class their own names. Option 2: Pupils sing the song on page 8 by heart. Option 3: Pupils play Slap the board with the words bike, book and ball. Period: 4 I. OBJECTIVES By the end of the lesson, pupils will be able to: - pronounce the sound of the letter C/c. - say the words cake, car, cat, cup. II. INPUT Language: - Sound /c/ - Vocabulary: cake, car, cat, cup Resources/Material: - Student’s book p. 9 - Sachmem.vn - Flashcards for Unit 2 - Poster for Unit 2 - Teacher’s guide pp. 16-18 - Computer, projector III. PROCEDURE Warm-up – Listen and repeat – Point and say – Game - Homelink Procedure Teaching and learning activities Classroom manageme nt Warm-up 5 minutes - Greet the class and introduce your name by saying, Whole class e.g. Hi, I’m Miss Hien. Encourage pupils to greet and introduce their names, e.g. Hi, I’m Hoa. 4
5. - Option 1: Have two or three pairs of pupils role-play the exchange Hi, I’m + name. - Option 2: Ask one group to sing the song in Unit 1, p. 8. - Have pupils open the books and look at Unit 2, Lesson 1 p. 9, saying Open the books and look at Unit 2, Lesson 1 (Page 9). 1. Listen and repeat 10 minutes Step 1: Have pupils look at the picture (p. 9) or Poster for Unit Whole class 2, saying Look at the picture/poster, please! Encourage pupils to describe the picture. Draw pupils’ attention to the letter C/c, the words next to the things, the pet and the colour of the letter C/c (as mentioned in Input). Check comprehension. Step 2: Get pupils to point to the letter C/c, saying Look at the Individual letter C/c, please! Then have them listen to the recording work and repeat the sound of the letter C/c, saying Listen and repeat, please! Step 3: Have pupils point to the cat and/or the word cat, listen to Individual the recording and repeat the word cat, saying Listen and work repeat, please! Then play the recording again, if necessary, for them to repeat individually and in chorus. Correct pronunciation, if necessary. If they repeated well, praise them, saying Well done! Follow the same procedure with the cake, car, cup. Step 4: Correct pronunciation, if necessary. Whole class Get pupils to listen to the recording again, pointing to Step 5: the letter C/c, the words and the things/pet and repeating Pair or until they feel confident. Give further support to those group work pupils who find it difficult to do the task, if necessary. Invite a few pupils to pronounce the sound of the letter C/c and say the words cake, car, cup, cat in front of the Step 6: class. If they performed well, praise them, saying Well Whole class done! 2. Point and say 7 minutes Step 1: Ask pupils to look at the picture on page 9 or Poster 2 Whole class again, saying Look at the picture/poster, please! Ask them to describe the picture, paying attention to the letter C/c and the words they have learnt in Activity 1. Step 2: Get pupils to point to the letter C/c and say it, saying Individual Point to the letter C/c and say, please! If they work pronounced correctly, praise them, saying Excellent! Ask pupils to point to the cake on the table and say the Individual Step 3: word cake as a model (saying Point to the cake and say, work please!). Remind them of the sound of the letter c in the word cake. Then ask one pupil to point to the cake and to say the word cake in front of the class. Check Individual comprehension. work Follow the same procedure with other things and the cat Step 4: and correct pronunciation, if necessary. Give further Pair or support to those pupils who find it difficult to do the group work task. Get pupils to work in pairs or in groups to point to the Whole class Step 5: things/pet in the picture and say the sound of the letter C/c and the words. Say Point and say, please! Go around to offer help or correct pronunciation, if necessary. Select some pupils to point to the picture/poster and to say the words in front of the class, saying Well done! to Step 6: praise their performance. Fun corner Pelmanism 10 minutes Step 1: Tell pupils about two sets of flashcards (as mentioned in Whole class Input in Teacher’s guide). Step 2: Tell pupils that they are going to match the words with Whole class 5
6. the suitable pictures. Give an example to show how the game is played. Check comprehension. Put pupils into groups of four and give each group a set Step 3: of flashcards. Have the groups shuffle the flashcards and Group work distribute them face down on the table. Ask each player in turn to select two cards and turn them face up. Say Are you ready? Now let us play the game. If Step 4: the word matches the picture, the player wins and Group work continues to turn over another pair. If the cards do not match, they are turned face down again and the next player plays the game. The game ends when all the cards are gone. Homelink 3 minutes Option 1: Pupils practise pronouncing the sound of the letter C/c Whole class and saying the words car, cake, cup, cat (using student’s books or sachmem). Option 2: Pupils play Pelmanism with the words car, cat, cake, cup in sachmem. Option 3: Pupils do the project on page 6 in Workbook. GIÁO ÁN LỚP 4 Unit 1: NICE TO SEE YOU AGAIN PERIOD 5. Lesson 3 Part 1, 2, 3 I. Objectives: - By the end of the lesson Ps will be able to pronounce the sounds in the letters /l/, /n/ correctly in the words Linda and night respectively II. Language focus Revision of: - New words: - Structures: III. Teaching aids: Ss’ book, recording, fresh cards IV. Procedures: Student’s Content Teacher’s activities activities 1. Warm up: 5’ - Revise Good morning / Good afternoon / Whole class Good evening and See you tomorrow / See you later. - Get ps to do a dictation, using the phrases learnt in the previous lessons 2.Listen and - Tell Ps that they are going to practice saying Whole class repeat: 8’ the letters, words and sentences in the book - Focus Ps’ attention on the letters colored differently in the words Linda and night Whole class - Put the phonics letter l and n on the board and say them a few times - Ask Ps to repeat after T - Play the recording and have Ps repeat each line and clap the syllables. - Ask Ps to give some similar words 3. Listen and - Have pupils look at the sentences and guess Whole class circle. Then write the suitable words to fill in the blank. 6
7. and say aloud: - Play the recording 2 times pupils to listen and 10’ circle the correct answer. Check their guess. Individual Compare the answer with the partner. - Play the recording again for pupils to check their answers. - Have pupils act out the dialogue in pairs or groups for correction. - Listen and give comments Pair work - Ask some questions to ensure pupils’ comprehension of the listening text. Key: 1. b 2. b 3. b 4. a 4.Let’s chant: 15’ - Introduce The Hello, friend! chant Whole class - Ask Ps to read the chant and check their comprehension - Play the recording and listen to The chant - Play the recording again for pupils to chant each line of the rhythm. - Call on a group of six to the front of the class practice the chant and do the actions. The others clap their hands after the chant - Group work. Pupils practice chanting and Group work doing the actions in groups - Monitor the activity and help them when necessary. - Correct pronunciation Ps’ errors. - Have class practice the chant again to reinforce their pronunciation. Whole class 5. Home link: 2’ Do exercises in the workbook, learn by heart Whole class the chant Teacher’s name: Tran Thanh Phong Grade: 4 School: Long Dinh Primary School Unit: 1 Week: 2 – Period: 7 The date of designing : August 19th, 2019 Class:Long Dinh: 46, 47 The date of teaching : From: August 26th, 2019 Unit 1: NICE TO SEE YOU AGAIN Period 6. Lesson 3 Part 4, 5, 6 I. Objectives: - By the end of the lesson Ps will be able to write correctly by reading, write about themselves and make their nice name card. II. Language focus Revision of: - New words: - Structures: III. Teaching aids: Ss’ book, recording, fresh cards IV. Procedures: 7
8. Student’s Content Teacher’s activities activities 1. Warm up: 5’ Ask Ps to read the chant. Whole Class - Call 2 groups to the front of the class to Group work sing and act out the Hello, friends! chant 2.Read and - Tell Ps that they are going to read the texts Whole class answer: 8’ and answer the four questions - Ask Ps to read the text individually and check their prediction and then ask them to do the task - Monitor the activity and offer help when Individual necessary - Have Ps trade the answers in pairs for correction Pair work - Call on some Ps to report their answers. Others listen and comment. Answers: Whole class 1. Her name is Do Thuy Hoa. 2. She’s from Ha Noi, Viet Nam. 3. His name is Tony Jones. 4. He’s from Sydney, Australia. 3.Write about - Tell pupils that they are going to write a Whole class you: short paragraph about themselves - Have them work in pairs or groups to discuss what they are going to write. Focus Pair work pupils on their names, their hometowns and the name of their school. Check comprehension. - Give pupils tie to do the task independently. Individual - Go around and offer help, if necessary. - Get them to swap their answers before checking as a class Whole class 4.Project:1 - Tell the Ss that they are going to make their Whole class cards about their information and present them to the class. - Check their understanding - Give Ss time to prepare school thing to carry out the project - Give the Ss time to do the project in class - Gets Ss to work in groups - Go round to offer help Group work - Call several Ss to the front of the class to present their cards and describe them - Have the Ss stick their cards on the wall of the classroom Whole class 8
9. 5. Home link:2’ Do exercises in the workbook Whole class Unit 02: I’M FROM JAPAN Period 7. Lesson 1: Part 1, 2 I. Objectives: - By the end of the lesson Ps will be able to: + Use the word and phrases related to the topics Countries and Nationalities + Ask and answer questions about where someone is from. II. Language focus - New words: Malaysia, America, Australia, England. - Structures: Where are you from? I’m from . III. Teaching aids: Ss’ book, recording, fresh cards IV. Procedures: Student’s Content Teacher’s activities activities 1. Warm up: 5’ Greet ps and get their responses , using the Whole class words and phrases they learnt - Get ps to open their books on page 12 and read the title. 2.Look, listen and - Ask Ss to identify the characters in the Whole class repeat: 8’ pictures on page 12 and what they are saying. - Set the scene “you are going to listen to the dialogue between Nam and Mai” Whole class - Play the recording and ask Ps to listen to the tape. - Ask Ps to listen and repeat in chorus two times Pair work - Ask them to work in pairs to practice the dialogue - Go around and help when necessary - Call on some pairs to act the dialogue out the front of the class. The rest of the class listen and give comments 9
10. 3.Poitn and say: - Have pupils look at pictures on Page 12. Whole class 15’ Elicit the characters in the pictures and their names. - Introduce the story by pointing to each character and ask: Who is this? Where are they? What is he/she doing? What does he/she say? Pair work Teach vocabulary: Hakim/ Malaysia; Tom/ America; Tony/ Australia; Linda/ England Model sentence: Hi. I’m ______.Where are you from? Hi, ____. I’m ______. I’m from - Ask pupils to work in pairs to make Pair work dialogue - Monitor the activity and offer help. Correct pronunciation errors (stress, assimilation of sounds, intonation) when necessary. Whole class - Call on some pairs to perform their task at the front of the class. The rest of the class observe and give comments. - Have the whole class repeat all the phrases in chorus to reinforce their pronunciation Whole class 4.Work in pairs: - Tell pupils that they are going to play the Whole class 10’ roles of the five characters and introduce themselves - Invite two pupils as Hakim and Akiko to act Pair work out this dialogue - Ask Ps to work in pairs to practice the Pair work dialogue - Go around to offer help and correct the Whole class pronunciation if necessary - Call some pairs to act out the dialogue in front of the class. The rest of the class listen and give comments 5. Home link: 2’ Do exercises in the workbook, learn by heart Whole class the new words Unit 2: I’M FROM JAPAN Lesson 1: Part 4, 5, 6 Period 8. I. Objectives: - Ss will be able to listen and tick to the correct picture, fill in the gap with correct words and sing the song well. II. Language focus: - Grammar: Review - Vocabulary: Review III. Teaching aids: Books, notebooks, cassette and CDs 10
11. IV. Procedures: Content Teacher’s activities Student’s activities 1. Warm up: 5’ - Play the game Bingo Whole class - Use the names of countries and characters: ( America, Australia, England, Japan, Malaysia, Individual Viet Nam, Tony, Linda, Akiko, Hakim, Nam) - Have the class make sentences with the words Whole class that were used in the game 2.Listen and tick: - Tell the class that they are going to listen and Whole class 10’ tick the correct boxes under the pictures. - Point at each picture and ask pupils questions to check comprehension and tick the correct box - Play the CDs 2 times - Tell the ss not to worry if they cannot understand every word and that they should pay attention to the name of the characters while they are listening. Individual - Ask the SS to swap and check the answer before checking a class Keys: Whole class 1c 2 b 3 c 3.Look and write: - Tell the SS that they are going to look at the Whole class 13’ pictures and fill in the gaps with the appropriate names of the countries Individual - Ask the ss to look at the pictures and read the text in silent - Check the SS´ understanding. - Elicit the words filling the gaps - Remind the SS to write the initial letter of the word at the beginning of each sentence in Individual capital letter. - Allow the ss time to write Pair work - Go round for help. - Ask the SS to change their book to correct for their friend - Write the correct answer on the board - Ask the SS to copy if necessary. - Call some pairs to read the exchanges aloud Keys:1 Australia , 2 Malaysia , 3 America , 4 Japan 11
12. 4.Let’s sing: 10’ -Tell the ss that they are going to sing the Whole class Where are you from? song - Hang the poster with the song on the board - Teaching the song: read the lyrics and check comprehension. Play the recording all the way through. - Have the SS do choral and individual repetition of the song line after line. Group work Individual 5. Home link: 2’ Sing the song at home and do exercises on Whole class workbook GIÁO ÁN LỚP 5 UNIT 1: WHAT’S YOUR ADDRESS? Period 5. Lesson 3: 1, 2, 3 I.Objectives After the lesson, students are able to: - Listen and repeat words, listen and circle. - Do the chant “Where do you live?”. - Develop Ss writing and listening skills II.Language Pattern: - Where do you live? – I live focus III.Resources Pictures, Puppets, Sts’ book. IV. Procedures Steps and time Teaching activities Language focus Modes - Play the game. Bingo. W-Class Individual 1. Warm-up Pairs Group -T recalls new words. W-class 2. Vocabulary -Sts follows T’s instructions. Individual -T shows the words, models the “city, village, W-class 3. Listen and stress “city, village, mountains, mountains, tower” repeat Individual tower”, asks Ss to repeat words. -T gives the poster of gap-fill on Key: the bb and guides. 1/ b W-class 4. Listen and -T gets Ss to do the task. 2/ a Individual circle a or b. - 3 Ss come to the bb to circle Then say the 3/ a W-class the gap-fill. sentences aloud -Others give comments. -T gets feedback. - T shows the chant on the bb, 5. Let’s chant play the tape 3 times, guides Ss W-class to chant sentence by sentence. 12
13. -Ss try to chant with the teacher. Chant Individual -Some Ss do chanting in front Group of the class. -T tells the Home work, Ss take - Chant. W-class 6. Home work note. UNIT 1: WHAT’S YOUR ADDRESS? Period 6. Lesson 3:4, 5, 6 I.Objectives After the lesson, students are able to: - Read and tick, writing, review the lesson. - Develop Ss reading and writing skills. II.Language Pattern: - Where do you live? – I live focus III.Resources Pictures, Puppets, Sts’ book. IV.Procedures: Steps and time Teaching activities Language Modes focus - T asks Ss to repeat the chant Chant W-Class 1. Warm-up “Where do you live?”. Group -T follows the steps of W-class 2. Vocabulary presenting new words. Individual -Sts follows T’s instructions. -T elicits the pictures. Key: W-class -T reads listening text. 1/N 2/Y Individual 3. Read and tick -Sts listen and tick pictures. 3/N 4/Y W-class Yes(Y) or No(N) -Some Ss call out the answers. 5/Y -Others give comments. - T asks Ss do the task for 5 minutes. T goes around for help, if necessary. W-class 4. Write about - T calls some Ss go to the Sts’ own Individual your friend board and write down their answers W-class answers. The others give comment. - T gives feedback - T asks Ss do the task for 2 minutes. T goes around for help, if necessary. W-class - T calls some Ss go to the 5. Project Sts’ own Individual board and write down their answers W-class answers. The others give comment. - T gives feedback 6. Colour the Check Sts’ understanding. W-class 13
14. stars Individual -T tells the home link, Ss take Learn by heart 7. Home work note. the new words W-class UNIT 2: I ALWAYS GET UP EARLY. HOW ABOUT YOU? Period 7. Lesson 1: 1, 2, 3 I.Objectives After the lesson, students are able to: - Ask and answer about SO’s daily routine. - Develop Ss speaking and listening skills. II.Language Pattern: What do you do ? – I always/usually/often focus Vocab: get up, early, always, often, usually, how about, good idea, online, sometimes, brush, do morning exercise, cook, watch, centre, film, face III.Resources Pictures, Puppets, Sts’ book. IV.Procedures; Steps and time Teaching activities Language focus Modes 1. Warm-up Play game. Play game. W-Class get up, early, always, -T follows the steps of presenting often, usually, how about, good idea, online, 2. Vocabulary new words. W-class -Sts follows T’s instructions. sometimes, brush, do Individual morning exercise, cook, watch, centre, film, face -T shows the pictures on the bb and read the dialogues. W-class 3. Look, listen -Sts look and repeat the dialogues What do you do ? – I Groups and repeat 3 times. always/usually/often Individual -T gives out the pattern -Sts copy the pattern. -T follows steps of picture cues. W-class -Sts try to practice using the What do you do ? – I Groups 4.Point andsay pattern above. always/usually/often Pairs -T corrects speaking. W-class -T asks some pairs to stand up and practice speaking. What do you do ? – I Pairs 5. Let’s talk -Other Ss observe and say their always/usually/often W-class comments. -T tells the Home work, Ss take Learn all the new W-class 6. Home work note. vocabularies and structures. UNIT 2: I ALWAYS GET UP EARLY. HOW ABOUT YOU? 14
15. Period 8. Lesson 1: 4, 5, 6 I.Objectives After the lesson, students are able to: - Listen and tick pictures. - Read and complete the dialogues sing “This is the way we do things” song. - Develop Ss writing and listening skills. II.Language Pattern: What do you do ? – I always/usually/often focus Vocab: get up, early, always, often, usually, how about, good idea, online, sometimes, brush, do morning exercise, cook, watch, centre, film, face III.Resources Pictures, Puppets, Sts’ book. IV.Procedures: Steps and time Teaching activities Language focus Modes Revising the previous lesson. W-Class 1. Warm-up Individual get up, early, -T follows the steps of presenting always, often, W-class new words. usually, how about, Individual -Sts follows T’s instructions. good idea, online, 2. Vocabulary sometimes, brush, do morning exercise, cook, watch, centre, film, face -T elicits the pictures. -T reads listening text. W-class 3. Listen and -Sts listen and tick pictures. *Answers:1.c; Individual tick -Some Sts call out the answers. 2.b;3.b;4.a W-class -Others give comments. -T tells the context and completes the sentences. - Give a few seconds for Ss to read Key: and look at the pictures. 1/do W-class 4. Read and - Check comprehension and elicit 2/usually Groups complete the words to fill the gaps. 3/play W-class - Ask Ss do the task. 4/TV - Check their answers. 5/like - Do choral and individual repetition. -T sticks the song on the bb, plays Sing the song. W-class 5. Let’s sing the tape of the song 3 times and Individual guides Ss to sing. Group -T tells the Home work, Ss take Ss sing the song at W-class 6. Home work note. home. 15